<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<doi_batch version="5.4.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.4.0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.4.0 https://www.crossref.org/schemas/crossref5.4.0.xsd" xmlns:jats="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/JATS1" xmlns:fr="http://www.crossref.org/fundref.xsd" xmlns:ai="http://www.crossref.org/AccessIndicators.xsd" xmlns:rel="http://www.crossref.org/relations.xsd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
  <head>
    <doi_batch_id>NONE</doi_batch_id>
    <timestamp>20260508104619908</timestamp>
    <depositor>
      <depositor_name>wseas/wseas</depositor_name>
      <email_address>content-registration-form+ja@crossref.org</email_address>
    </depositor>
    <registrant>content-registration-form</registrant>
  </head>
  <body>
    <journal>
      <journal_metadata>
        <full_title>WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS</full_title>
        <issn media_type="print">1109-9526</issn>
        <issn media_type="electronic">2224-2899</issn>
      </journal_metadata>
      <journal_article>
        <titles>
          <title>The Effect of Security and Privacy on Albanian Customer Loyalty</title>
        </titles>
        <contributors>
          <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Ezmolda</given_name>
            <surname>Barolli</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Department of Statistics and Applied Informatics, FE University of Tirana Rruga Arben Broci 1 1001, Tiranë ALBANIA</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Brunilda</given_name>
            <surname>Duraj</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Department of Finance, FE University of Tirana Rruga Arben Broci 1 1001, Tiranë ALBANIA</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Klei</given_name>
            <surname>Xhyheri</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Monetary Operations Department Bank of Albania Sheshi Skënderbej, Nr. 1, Tiranë ALBANIA</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
        </contributors>
        <jats:abstract xml:lang="en">
          <jats:p>The recent technological advancements and digital transformation across industries have highlighted the significance of trust that businesses must establish with customers in an increasingly digital world. Every action we take online generates a massive quantity of data, which we can use to improve customer experience, evaluate their buying habits, offer suggestions, collect health information, and so on. This research is based on two concepts: privacy and security. The goal of this paper is to discover the factors impacting Albanian customer loyalty based on their impression of privacy and security. Research questions and hypotheses have been developed to address the purpose of this paper and investigate how digital consumers react to privacy and security issues related to loyalty. The data gathered from a survey involving 703 people were analyzed using factor analysis, analysis of the econometric model and correlation. The findings of this study are intended to contribute to the advancement of consumer perception of privacy and security in Albania, as well as their impact on consumer loyalty.</jats:p>
        </jats:abstract>
        <publication_date media_type="print">
          <month>05</month>
          <day>08</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <publication_date media_type="online">
          <month>05</month>
          <day>08</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <pages>
          <first_page>461</first_page>
        </pages>
        <publisher_item>
          <item_number item_number_type="article_number">35</item_number>
        </publisher_item>
        <ai:program name="AccessIndicators">
          <ai:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US</ai:license_ref>
        </ai:program>
        <doi_data>
          <doi>10.37394/23207.2026.23.35</doi>
          <resource>https://wseas.com/journals/bae/2026/a705107-3362.pdf</resource>
        </doi_data>
        <citation_list>
          <citation key="ref0">
            <unstructured_citation>T. S. H. Teo, Attitudes Toward Online Shopping and the Internet, Behaviour &amp; Information Technology, Vol. 21, No. 4, 2002, pp. 259-271. DOI: 10.1080/0144929021000018342</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref1">
            <unstructured_citation>L. Chai, PA. Pavlou, From “Ancient” to “Modern”: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Electronic Commerce Adoption in Greece and the United States, The Journal of Enterprise Information Management Vol. 17, No. 6, 2004, pp. 416-423. DOI: 10.1108/17410390410566706</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref2">
            <unstructured_citation>D. Van den Poel, W. Buckinx, Predicting Online-Purchasing Behaviour, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 166, No. 2, 2005, pp. 557-575, ISSN 0377-2217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2004.04.022</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref3">
            <unstructured_citation>X. Liu, and K. K. Wei, An Empirical Study of Product Differences in Consumers' Ecommerce Adoption Behaviour, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2003, pp. 229-239. DOI: 10.1016/S1567-4223(03)00027-9</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref4">
            <unstructured_citation>A. K. Kau, Y. E. Tang and S. Ghose, Typology of Online Shoppers, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2003, pp. 139-156. DOI: 10.1108/07363760310464604</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref5">
            <unstructured_citation>P. A. Pavlou, Consumer Acceptance of Electronic Commerce: Integrating Trust and Risk with the Technology Acceptance Model, International Journal of Electronic Commerce Vol. 7, No. 3, 2003, pp. 101-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2003.110442 75</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref6">
            <unstructured_citation>L. D. Zhou, and D. Zhang, Online Shopping Acceptance Model — a Critical Survey of Consumer Factors in Online Shopping, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2007, pp. 41-62. (Accessed Date: Jan. 18, 2024)</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref7">
            <unstructured_citation>Y. Bart, V. Shankar, F. Sultan, &amp; G. L. Urban, Are the Drivers and Role of Online Trust Same for All Websites and Consumers? A Largescale Exploratory Empirical Study, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 69, No. 4, 2005, pp. 133-152. DOI: 10.1509/jmkg.2005.69.4.133</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref8">
            <unstructured_citation>Y. Liebermann, &amp; Sh. Stashevsky, Perceived Risks as Barriers to Internet and E-Commerce Usage, Qualitative Market Research An International Journal, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2002, pp. 291-300. DOI: 10.1108/13522750210443245</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref9">
            <unstructured_citation>V-W. Mitchell, Consumer Perceived Risk: Conceptualizations and Models, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 33, No. 1/2, 1999, pp. 163-195. DOI: 10.1108/03090569910249229</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref10">
            <unstructured_citation>M. Featherman and P. Pavlou, Predicting EServices Adoption: A Perceived Risk Facets Perspective, International Journal of HumanComputer Studies, Vol. 59, No. 4, 2003, pp. 451-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1071- 5819(03)00111-3</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref11">
            <unstructured_citation>A. H. Crespo, I. R. Del Bosque, and M. G. De Ios Salmones, The Influence of Perceived Risk on Internet Shopping Behaviour: A Multidimensional Perspective, Journal of Risk Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2009, pp. 259-277. DOI: 10.1080/13669870802497744</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref12">
            <unstructured_citation>N. Li, P. Zhang, Consumer Online Shopping Attitudes and Behaviour: An Assessment of Research, Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems Proceedings, 2002, pp. 508-517. (Accessed Date: Feb. 3, 2024).</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref13">
            <unstructured_citation>C. Lee, D. A. Cranage, Personalisation– Privacy Paradox: The Effects of Personalisation and Privacy Assurance on Customer Responses to Travel Web Sites, Tourism Management, Vol 32, No. 5, 2011, pp. 987-994. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.08.011</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref14">
            <unstructured_citation>A. F. Westin, Privacy and Freedom, Scribner, 1967, ISBN 10: 0689102895, ISBN 13: 9780689102899. (Accessed Print Edition Date: Nov. 20, 2023).</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref15">
            <unstructured_citation>F. Bélanger, J. S. Hiller, W. Smith, Trustworthiness in Electronic Commerce: The Role of Privacy, Security, and Site Attributes, Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Vol. 11, No. 3-4, 2002, pp. 245-270. DOI: 10.1016/S0963-8687(02)00018-5</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref16">
            <unstructured_citation>G. Bansal &amp; L. Chen. If they trust our Ecommerce Site, Will They Trust our Social Commerce Site Too? Differentiating the Trust in E-commerce and S-commerce: The Moderating Role of Privacy and Security Concerns, Corpus ID: 6445165, 2011. (Accessed Date: Jan. 15, 2024).</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref17">
            <unstructured_citation>C-D. Ham, Exploring How Consumers Cope with Online Behavioural Advertising, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2016, pp. 632-658. DOI: 10.1080/02650487.2016.1239878</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref18">
            <unstructured_citation>W. Hong, J. Y. L. Thong, Internet Privacy Concerns: An Integrated Conceptualization and Four Empirical Studies, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2013, pp. 275- 298. DOI: 10.25300/MISQ/2013/37.1.12</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref19">
            <unstructured_citation>A. Bilgihan, Gen Y Customer Loyalty in Online Shopping: An Integrated Model of Trust, User Experience and Branding. Computers in Human Behaviour, Vol. 61, No. 6, 2016, pp. 103-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.014</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref20">
            <unstructured_citation>N. M. A. Al-Slamy, E-Commerce Security, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, Vol. 8, No. 5, 2008, pp. 340–354. Link (Accessed Date: Jan. 10, 2024).</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref21">
            <unstructured_citation>J-Y. Son, S. S. Kim, Internet Users' Information Privacy-Protective Responses: A Taxonomy and a Nomological Model, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2006, pp. 503-529. DOI: 10.2307/25148854</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref22">
            <unstructured_citation>B. Suh, I. Han, The Impact of Customer Trust and Perception of Security Control on the Acceptance of Electronic Commerce, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No.3, 2003, pp. 135–161. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27751068 (Accessed Date: Feb. 3, 2024).</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref23">
            <unstructured_citation>K. C. Laudon, C. G. Traver, E-Commerce: Business, Technology and Society, Global Ed, Pearson Education Limited, 2023. ISBN-10: 1292449721. (Accessed Print Edition Date: Feb. 2, 2024).</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref24">
            <unstructured_citation>K.-Y.Oh, A. R. Anderson, &amp; D. Cruickshank, Perceived Barriers Towards the Use of e-Trade Processes by Korean SMEs, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 18 No. 1, 2012, pp. 43-57. DOI: 10.1108/14637151211215000</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref25">
            <unstructured_citation>M. Alzaidi, G. Agag, The Role of Trust and Privacy Concerns in Using Social Media for eRetail Services: The Moderating Role of COVID-19, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 68, No. 7, 2022, ISSN 0969-6989, DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103042</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref26">
            <unstructured_citation>P. McCole, E. Ramsey, J. Williams, Trust Considerations on Attitudes Towards Online Purchasing: The Moderating Effect of Privacy and Security Concerns, Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, Vol. 63, No. 9-10, 2010, pp. 1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.02.025</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref27">
            <unstructured_citation>A. S. Dick, K. Basu, Customer Loyalty: Toward an Integrated Conceptual Framework, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1994, pp. 99-113. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1177/00920 70394222001 (Accessed Date: Feb. 17, 2024)</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref28">
            <unstructured_citation>J. T. Bowen, S.-L. C. McCain, Transitioning Loyalty Programs: A Commentary on the Relationship Between Customer Loyalty and Customer Satisfaction, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2015, pp. 415-430. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2014-0368</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref29">
            <unstructured_citation>F. Ali, W. G. Kim, J. Li, H. M. Jeon, Make it Delightful: Customers’ Experience, Satisfaction and Loyalty in Malaysian Theme Parks, Journal of Destination Marketing &amp; Management, Vol. 7, 2018, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.05.003</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref30">
            <unstructured_citation>K. L. Keller, V. Swaminathan, Strategic Brand Management Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity, Pearson, ISBN 9781292314969, 2020. (Accessed Date: Oct. 3, 2024)</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref31">
            <unstructured_citation>J.-N. Kapferer, The new Strategic Brand Management: Advanced Insights and Strategic Thinking, Kogan Page, ISBN-13 978- 0749465155, 2012, [Online]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2818 03401_The_New_Strategic_Brand_Manageme nt (Accessed Date: Mar. 5, 2024).</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref32">
            <unstructured_citation>J. P. Verma, P Verma, Determining Sample Size and Power in Research Studies: A Manual for Research, Springer Nature Singapore, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15- 5204-5</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref33">
            <unstructured_citation>L. Cohen, L. Manion, K. Morrison, Research Methods in Education, 8th ed. United Kingdom: Routledge /Taylor &amp; Francis Group, ISBN 9781138209886, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315456539</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref34">
            <unstructured_citation>W. G. Cochran, Sampling Techniques, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1977. (Accessed Print Edition Date: Jan. 26, 2024).</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref35">
            <unstructured_citation>R. Latpate, J. Kshirsagar, V. K. Gupta, G. Chandra, Advance Sampling Methods, Germany: Springer Nature Singapore, ISBN 978-981-16-0621-2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0622-9.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref36">
            <unstructured_citation>R. B. Dell, S. Holleran, &amp; R. Ramakrishnan, Sample Size Determination, ILAR Journal, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2002. Pp. 207-213, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.43.4.207</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref37">
            <unstructured_citation>N. K. Malhotra, Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Pearson, ISBN 9781292265636, 2019. (Accessed Print Edition Date: Dec. 12, 2023).</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref38">
            <unstructured_citation>A. Agresti, An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis, 3rd ed. New York. NY: Wiley, ISBN 9781119405269, 2018. (Accessed Print Edition Date: Jun. 10, 2024).</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref39">
            <unstructured_citation>J. E. Sallis, G. Gripsrud, U. H. Olsson, R. Silkos, Research Methods and Data Analysis for Business Decisions: A Primer Using SPSS, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 1st ed. ISBN: 978-3-030-84420-2, 2021. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-84421-9</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref40">
            <unstructured_citation>E. Bell, B. Harley, A. Bryman, Business Research Methods. 6th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN: 9780198869443, 2022. (Accessed Print Edition Date: Mar. 10, 2024)</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref41">
            <unstructured_citation>A. N. Oppenheim, Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement. Continuum, 2nd ed, ISBN-10: 0826451764, 2000. (Accessed Print Edition Date: Jan. 29, 2024)</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref42">
            <unstructured_citation>INSTAT – Institute of Statistics, “Law No. 17/2018 on Official Statistics”, Republic of Albania, 2018, [Online]. https://www.instat.gov.al/media/3972/lawno17-2018-on-official-statistics.pdf (Accessed Dec. 21, 2024).</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
        </citation_list>
      </journal_article>
    </journal>
  </body>
</doi_batch>