762d29f8-8193-4016-be72-53f682c571b020240219081000249wseas:wseasmdt@crossref.orgMDT DepositWSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL2224-28561991-876310.37394/23203http://wseas.org/wseas/cms.action?id=40731220231220231810.37394/23203.2023.18https://wseas.com/journals/sac/2023.phpSohailAhmadDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona City, California 91768, UNITED STATES OF AMERICAHa ThuLeDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona City, California 91768, UNITED STATES OF AMERICAInduction motors are used extensively in many sectors, including manufacturing, power generation, healthcare, and transportation. Robust speed regulation of inductor motors is a key requirement for ensuring their intended usage and increasing their effectiveness. This study analyzes two advanced and popular methods for regulating the torque and speed of induction motors, namely, field-oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC). Detailed mathematical modeling of both methods is described, providing the in-depth perspective of the control algorithms and problem variables. This is followed by a thorough analysis of the performance of the control methods. Different control scenarios have been analyzed using simulation with MATLAB Simulink under different speed and loading conditions. The outcomes show that FOC provides better performance in terms of reduced torque jitter, smooth torque, and speed tracking response for highly variable load and reference speed profiles. Further, the FOC is found to generate better current waveforms. This leads to improving the power factor, decreasing electrical noise, and enhancing the motor performance. Meanwhile, the DTC demonstrates a strong capability to handle large speed changes and provide faster torque response, but it suffers from considerable torque variation. The simulation outcomes also suggest that the method selected to tune PI controllers is effective. The findings contribute to enhancing the efficient operation of induction motors and fostering their applications in diverse sectors for improved productivity and service, and superior economic gain.123120231231202351352654https://wseas.com/journals/sac/2023/b105103-033(2023).pdf10.37394/23203.2023.18.54https://wseas.com/journals/sac/2023/b105103-033(2023).pdf10.3926/jiem.3597M. Drakaki, Y. L. Karnavas, I. A. Tziafettas, V. Linardos, and P. Tzionas, “Machine learning and deep learning based methods toward industry 4.0 predictive maintenance in induction motors: State of the art survey,” Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management (JIEM), vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 31– 57, 2022, doi: 10.3926/JIEM.3597. 10.1109/87.481963R. T. Novotnak, “A Systematic Approach to Selecting Flux References for Torque Maximization in Induction Motors,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 388–397, 1995, doi: 10.1109/87.481963. 10.1109/itec.2017.7993267A. Carrillo, A. Pimentel, E. Ramirez, and H. T. Le, “Mitigating impacts of plug-in electric vehicles on local distribution feeders using a charging management system,” 2017 IEEE Transportation and Electrification Conference and Expo, ITEC 2017, pp. 174– 179, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1109/ITEC.2017.7993267. 10.1109/itec.2018.8449949T. Vo, J. Sokhi, A. Kim, and H. Thu Le, “Making Electric Vehicles Smarter with Grid and Home Friendly Functions,” 2018 IEEE Transportation and Electrification Conference and Expo, ITEC 2018, pp. 183– 187, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1109/ITEC.2018.8449949. 10.1109/itec.2018.8450152A. Kaiser, A. Nguyen, R. Pham, M. Granados, and Ha Thu Le, “Efficient Interfacing Electric Vehicles with Grid using Bi-directional Smart Inverter,” 2018 IEEE Transportation and Electrification Conference and Expo, ITEC 2018, pp. 714– 719, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1109/ITEC.2018.8450152. 10.1109/pesgm.2015.7286348J. Glueck and H. T. Le, “Impacts of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on local distribution feeders,” IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, vol. 2015-September, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2015.7286348. 10.1088/1757-899x/1055/1/012142A. Z. Ahmad Firdaus, S. A. Azmi, K. Kamarudin, and M. H. B, “Review on different control techniques for induction motor drive in electric vehicle,” IOP Conference series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1055, no. 1, p. 012142, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757- 899X/1055/1/012142. 10.1088/1742-6596/1878/1/012047A.Z. Admad Firdaus, S. Azmi, K. Kamarudin, L.J. Hwai, H. Ali, M. Azalan, Z. Kasa, “Assessment of Control Drive Technologies for Induction Motor: Industrial Application to Electric Vehicle,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1878, no. 1, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1088/1742- 6596/1878/1/012047. 10.1155/2022/6096983A. Mehbodniya, P. Kumar, X. Changqing, J. L. Webber, U. Mamodiya, A. Halifa, and C. Srinivasulu, “Hybrid Optimization Approach for Energy Control in Electric Vehicle Controller for Regulation of Three-Phase Induction Motors,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2022, 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/6096983. M. Ahmad, “Vector control of induction motor drives,” Power Systems, vol. 30, pp. 47–75, 2010, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-13150- 9_3/COVER. 10.15598/aeee.v14i3.1682D. Benoudjit, M. S. Nait-Said, S. Drid, and N. Nait-Said, “On-line efficiency improvement of induction motor vector controlled,” Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 247–253, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.15598/aeee.v14i3.1682. 10.1088/1757-899x/186/1/012025A. Achalhi, M. Bezza, N. Belbounaguia, and B. Boujoudi, “Improvement of Direct Torque Control by using a Space Vector Modulation Control of Three-Level Inverter,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 186, no. 1, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/186/1/012025. 10.1016/b978-0-32-390089-8.00012-xA. Kasbi and A. Rahali, “Performance evaluation of fractional character vector control applied for doubly fed induction generator operating in a network-connected wind power system,” Fractional-Order Modeling of Dynamic Systems with Applications in Optimization, Signal Processing, and Control, pp. 179–211, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-32-390089- 8.00012-X. 10.1088/1742-6596/1706/1/012100D. D. Kumar and N. P. Kumar, “Dynamic torque response improvement of direct torque controlled induction motor,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1706, no. 1, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1088/1742- 6596/1706/1/012100. 10.1007/s11708-017-0444-zA. Ammar, A. Bourek, and A. Benakcha, “Robust SVM-direct torque control of induction motor based on sliding mode controller and sliding mode observer,” Frontiers in Energy, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 836– 849, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1007/S11708-017- 0444-Z/METRICS. 10.1109/tie.2009.2038401K. K. Shyu, J. K. Lin, V. T. Pham, M. J. Yang, and T. W. Wang, “Global minimum torque ripple design for direct torque control of induction motor drives,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 3148–3156, Sep. 2010, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2009.2038401. 10.1109/ptc.2003.1304660T. Rekioua and D. Rekioua, “Direct torque control strategy of permanent magnet synchronous machines,” 2003 IEEE Bologna PowerTech - Conference Proceedings, vol. 2, pp. 861–866, 2003, doi: 10.1109/PTC.2003.1304660. G. Noriega, “Direct Torque Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using Fuzzy Logic.” Jan. 01, 2007, [Online]. https://www.academia.edu/27114526/Direct _Torque_Control_of_a_Permanent_Magnet_ Synchronous_Motor_using_Fuzzy_Logic (Accessed Date: August 22, 2023). 10.1109/tpel.2019.2944124C. Lascu, A. Argeseanu, and F. Blaabjerg, “Supertwisting Sliding-Mode Direct Torque and Flux Control of Induction Machine Drives,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 5057–5065, May 2020, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2944124. 10.1109/iicpe.2012.6450421N. P. Gupta and P. Gupta, “Performance analysis of direct torque control of PMSM drive using SVPWM - Inverter,” India International Conference on Power Electronics, IICPE, 2012, doi: 10.1109/IICPE.2012.6450421. 10.1186/s41601-019-0125-5N. E. Ouanjli, A. Derouich, A. E. Ghzizal, S. Motahhir, A. Chebabhi, Y. E. Mourabit, M. Taoussi, “Modern improvement techniques of direct torque control for induction motor drives-A review,” Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1– 12, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1186/S41601-019- 0125-5/TABLES/2. 10.1109/med.2007.4433783N. Farid, B. Sebti, K. Mebarka, and B. Tayeb, “Performance Analysis of FieldOriented Control and Direct Torque Control for Sensorless Induction Motor Drives”, 2007 Mediterranean Conference on Control & Automation, 2007, pp.1-6. 10.1109/tpel.2022.3145873L. Feng, X. Sun, X. Tian, and K. Diao, “Direct Torque Control with Variable Flux for an SRM Based on Hybrid Optimization Algorithm,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 6688–6697, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2022.3145873. 10.30941/cestems.2019.00047Z. Yin, F. Gao, Y. Zhang, C. Du, G. Li, and X. Sun, “A Review of Nonlinear Kalman Filter Appling to Sensorless Control for AC Motor Drives,” CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 351–362, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.30941/CESTEMS.2019.00047. 10.1109/jestpe.2021.3081863M. Zhou, S. Cheng, Y. Feng, W. Xu, L. Wang, and W. Cai, “Full-Order Terminal Sliding-Mode-Based Sensorless Control of Induction Motor With Gain Adaptation,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1978–1991, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2021.3081863. 10.1109/tpel.2021.3117697H. Wang, Y. Yang, X. Ge, Y. Zuo, Y. Yue, and S. Li, “PLL- And FLL-Based Speed Estimation Schemes for Speed-Sensorless Control of Induction Motor Drives: Review and New Attempts,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 3334– 3356, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2021.3117697. 10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp242-250C. Laoufi, Z. Sadoune, A. Abbou, and M. Akherraz, “New model of electric traction drive based sliding mode controller in fieldoriented control of induction motor fed by multilevel inverter,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS), vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 242–250, 2020, doi: 10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp242-250. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.215I. Abadlia, M. Adjabi, and H. Bouzeria, “Sliding mode based power control of gridconnected photovoltaic-hydrogen hybrid system,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 47, pp. 28171–28182, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2017.08.215. 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103117A. J. Abianeh and F. Ferdowsi, “Sliding Mode Control Enabled Hybrid Energy Storage System for Islanded DC Microgrids with Pulsing Loads,” Sustain Cities Soc, vol. 73, p. 103117, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.SCS.2021.103117. 10.1109/icpea49807.2020.9280133S. Ahmad, J. Qi, A. Rasool, E. U. Rahman, S. Jobaer, M. A. Baig, A. Rahman, S. U. Din, “Terminal Sliding Mode Control (TSMC) Scheme for Current Control of Five-Phase Induction Motor,” 2020 3rd International Conference on Power and Energy Applications, ICPEA 2020, pp. 121– 124, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1109/ICPEA49807.2020.9280133. “Field-oriented control- Develop fieldoriented control algorithms using simulation”, Mathworks, [Online]. https://www.mathworks.com/solutions/electr ification/field-oriented-control.html (Accessed Date: February 1, 2024). 10.3390/math10203842M. Elgbaily, F. Anayi, and M. M. Alshbib, “A Combined Control Scheme of Direct Torque Control and Field-Oriented Control Algorithms for Three-Phase Induction Motor: Experimental Validation,” Mathematics 2022, vol. 10, no. 20, p. 3842, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.3390/MATH10203842. “Direct Torque Control, Mathworks”, [Online]. https://www.mathworks.com/help/mcb/gs/dir ect-torque-control-dtc.html (Accessed Date: February 1, 2024).