Abstract: The shift toward cleaner power solutions requires electrochemical storage alternatives able to merge considerable energy concentration, power output, and long lifespan. Graphene and its associated structures have surfaced as notable candidates for advanced electrode compounds, because of their outstanding surface area, electrical flow, and structural pliability. Nevertheless, unaltered graphene frequently faces challenges such as layer re-stacking and reduced cycle reliability, which have prompted broad research into altered and composite materials. This overview meticulously scrutinizes fifty typical investigations published across the past decade, focusing on the role of graphene and its variants—like graphene oxide, "r-graphene oxide", heteroatom-laced graphene, and composite mixtures incorporating metal compounds, conductive plastics, and other 2D substances—for electrical energy retention. A specific focus is given to uses in supercapacitors and lithium-, sodium-, and zinc-ion cells, including combined and pliable units. The assessment emphasizes considerable advancements in capacitance, energy/power metrics, and stability over cycles, whilst also pointing out the major hurdles of bulk manufacturing, consistency, and economic viability [1]. In closing, the critique maps out forthcoming pathways, stressing the merging of graphene with new 2D substances, environmentally kind creation processes, and the design of adaptable energy-holding contraptions suitable for manufacturing and utility-scale deployment [2].

Keywords: Graphene-based materials, electrochemical energy storage, supercapacitors, lithium- and sodiumion batteries, graphene derivatives (GO, rGO, doped graphene), hybrid nanocomposites

Pages: 115-134

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