Abstract: For two decades, low power/energy design has been a major design constraint. The explosion in digital communications and the desire to preserve battery life time, improve system reliability, and reduce cooling costs has pushed for extensive research in low power/energy digital design. In this paper low energy versus low power will be discussed. Then the basics of low power design trends, major techniques and recent challenges will be demonstrated and discussed.
DOI: *As the DOI is a unique identifier, it is already available in the pdf version. **The DOI link will be activated in the first midst of January 2026.