Abstract: We use the disproportion statistic to quantify the differences among ethnic groups and school settings. Patterns of disciplinary actions in four school settings, Non–Title I Non–Charter, Non–Title I Charter, Title I Non–Charter, and Title I Charter schools are examined. Analysis is based on the most recent data provided by the U. S. Office of Civil Rights. The importance of this research is that it is one of the first studies to show that not only are there differences in disparities due to zero tolerance policies among ethnic groups, but there exists statistically significant differences in disparities among school settings as well.
DOI: *As the DOI is a unique identifier, it is already available in the pdf version. **The DOI link will be activated in the first midst of January 2026.
WSEAS Transactions on Advances in Engineering Education, ISSN / E-ISSN: 1790-1979 / 2224-3410, Volume 13, 2016, Art. #7
N. Glenn Griesinger, Andrea J. Shelton, Emiel W. Owens Jr., Demetrios Kazakos, "A Statistical Measure of Educational Disparities Due to Zero Tolerance Policies," WSEAS Transactions on Advances in Engineering Education, vol. 13, pp. 64-68, 2016, DOI:
N. Glenn Griesinger, Andrea J. Shelton, Emiel W. Owens Jr., Demetrios Kazakos. A Statistical Measure of Educational Disparities Due to Zero Tolerance Policies.
WSEAS Transactions on Advances in Engineering Education. 2016;13:64-68.